Chapter 6: WORK MOTIVATION

ABILITY VS. MOTIVATION

·        Ability is a perspicacity to do things extraordinarily.

It is based on practice and personal training.
One should learn the method voluntarily and merrily.
The aftereffect is unquestionably entertaining.

·       Motivation is the driving force which causes us to achieve goals. Motivation is said to be intrinsic or extrinsic. The term is generally used for humans but, theoretically, it can also be used to describe the causes for animal behavior as well. This article refers to human motivation. 

Work Motivation defined as conditions which influence the arousal, direction and maintenance of behaviors relevant in work settings.

Three Major Components of Motivation

1.       Energizing- this is the force or drive present in the organism which leads to some behavior.

2.       Directing- guides the behavior in a particular direction.

3.       Maintaining or Sustaining- behavior once it has occurred.

Theories of Work Motivation

·         Need Theories- it emphasize needs posit the existence of some of internal state of the individual, labeled a need or motive.

·         Balance Theories

·         Two-Factor Theory

·         Expectancy Theory- is a cognitive theory based upon a rational-economic view of people.

(Behavioral Measurement: General Considerations)

Chapter 5: BEHAVIORAL  MEASUREMENT: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 

                 Criteria was grouped into six classes:

1.       Performance Criteria is the job performance of the individuals and it is divided into two dimensions: quantity and quality.

2.       Job Attendance Criteria was composed of three kinds of criteria the job tenure, absenteeism or attendance and tardiness.

3.       Accident and Injury Criteria it is concerned with matters of safety.

4.       Psychological Criteria it includes such measures as heart rate, blood pressure, electrical resistance of the skin and oxygen.

5.       Status Criteria it is based on individual’s occupation, position, or education level.

6.       Subjective Criteria includes measures of attitudes and opinion obtained by questionnaires.

Selection of Criteria has Three Basic Considerations:

1.       Relevance Criteria refers to the extent to which criterion measures of different individuals are meaningful in terms of objectives.

2.       Freedom from contamination

3.       Reliability of the Criterion.

Problems in obtaining Criterion Data

                -they don’t know who can hold their personal data.

-only the authorized personnel can hold the confidential data of one personnel.

Chapter 4: JOB ANALYSIS :

          A job analysis is a step-by-step specification of an employment position's requirements, functions, and procedures. Just as a seed cannot blossom into a flower unless the ground is properly prepared, many human resource management (HRM) practices cannot blossom into competitive advantage unless grounded on an adequate job analysis.

Successful HRM practices can lead to outcomes that create competitive advantage. Job analyses, properly performed, enhance the success of these HRM practices by laying the foundation. Job analysis information can be applied to a variety of HRM practices. We now take a brief look at some of them.

                Form of Job Analysis Information

·         Qualitative it is typically descriptive

·         Quantitative it is typically characterized

Methods of Collecting Job Information

·         Observe

·         Interview

·         Review some records and works

Task Inventories typically consist of the  lists of the tasks patient to some occupational area.

Job Dimensions is the combinations or groups, or cluster bundles of interrelated job elements.

Chapter 2: BASES OF JOB -RELATED BEHAVIOR:

          Human behavior is the number one factor that can contributes on our job performances. Behavior has two dimensions:

·         Quantitative- can  measured

·         Qualitative- can  evaluated

In criterion for the behavior of workers, there are kinds of factors that almost inevitably would be suggested, such as:

·         Aptitudes

·         Personality Characteristics

·         Physical Characteristics

·         Interests and Motivation

·         Age and Sex

·         Education

·         Experience

·         Other Personal Variables

Also in criterion for the workers behavior would be include a number of situational variables which falls into two general classes:

·         Job and Working Condition  include methods of work, the design and condition of work equipment, work space and arrangement and the physical .and motive emotions

·         Organizational and social  including the character of the organization, type of training and supervision received types of incentives and the social environment.

(CHAPTER 1)

           On Human Work sees man's work as an essential ingredient of man's likeness to God in that it differentiates man from the rest of creation: "Work is one of the characteristics that distinguish man from the rest of creatures, whose activity for sustaining their lives cannot be called work" (p.1). Man's creation mandate to subdue the earth is itself part and parcel of man's created likeness to God: "Man is the image of God partly through the mandate received from his creator to subdue, to dominate, the earth. In carrying out this mandate, man, every human being, reflects the very action of the creator of the universe"

                The modus operandi of industrial psychology has four phases or stages:

1.   identification of the problems to be treat ; 

2.      use of various methods of  analysis of relevant data;

3.       find  the result  from these methods and associated analysis;

4.        application  such findings to the problems at hand.

In identifying the problems to industrial psychology you must observe and know if you are right or wrong in giving your own reasons to solve the problems and it fall into three classes:

1.       Experimental design (methods of investigation)

2.       Data collection (the use of such methods are tests, questionnaires, ratings, performance appraisal, observation and job analysis)

3.       Statistical analysis methods

The industrial Psychology has two faces the science of psychology with an emphasis on research and the profession of psychology with an emphasis on the application of knowledge.

Chapter 3 Behavioral Research(Topic Facilitation Summary: GROUP E)

TYPES OF VARIABLES IN BEHAVIORAL RESEARH

Predictions - To foretell ; The making of statement or forming of an opinion about what will happen in the future

2 Types of Variables

·         Criterion (Dependent or measured variable ) –

-          It can be predicted (such as job performance, job satisfaction, absenteeism, or heart rate)

-          Control of predictor

·         Predictor (Independent or controlled variable) –

-          Predicting the criterion (such as test scores, measures of physical characteristics, or measures of other personal characteristics)

-          Effects

TYPES OF MEASUREMENT OF VARIABLES

Measurement – is basic to any statistical treatment or research data

4 basic types of measurements

Nominal scale – general type of variable in question ( as places of residence and job satisfaction) or maybe in by level

Ordinal scale – used to characterize the rank order on some variable of individual cases (how much difference there is between adjacent ranks).

Interval scale – individual cases have number associated with them, and these number are significant in the any given numerical difference, in any there a long the scale theoretically.

-          Represents an equal difference in the underlying variables.

Ratio scale – cases have numerical value that as with the interval scales in the variable being (ex. Height and weight)

BASIC RESEARCH STRATEGIES

·         Most important fact to remember:

-          Research is conducted in order to answer some question

-          Research is that no matter what method is used there is always some possible alternative explanation for the results contain.

·         Research strategy selected can be developed on the basis of the answers to three basics questios:

1.       What variables need to be studied?

2.       How should these variables be treated?

3.       In what setting should the research be under taken?

SELECTION OF VARIABLES

-          The choice of the variable would be affected by practical as well as by theoretical concerns.

TREATMENT OF VARIABLES IN RESEARCH

I.                    Do not measure

a)      Ignore ( Treatment 1)

b)      Randomization (Treatment 2)

II.                  Measure under the ff: conditions

a)      With no manipulation (Treatment 3)

b)      Manipulated by:

1.       Holding constant (Treatment 4)

2.       Matching (Treatment 5)

3.       Creating specific level of categories (Treatment 6)

RESEARCH SETTINGS

·         Laboratory studies – very contrived and artificial settings created by the researcher.

·         Field studies – done in natural settings.

EXPERIMENTAL AND CORRELATIONAL STRATEGIES

·         Experimental – involves in some form of manipulation of the predictor.

-          Used commonly in laboratory strategies

·         Correlational – data are obtained on the predictor and criterion variables for each case in the sample ( each case usually being an individual) without any experimental manipulation or control.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS IN RESEARCH

-          The reader should have at least passing acquaintance with certain basic concepts and methods.

CORRELATION

-          Is a statistical index of the degree of linear relationship between two variables

PART V: Leadership: Making Decisions during Hurricane Katrina

1.     What model of decision making did the Sisters of Holy Angels have to rely on to guide them through thee hurricane tragedy? 

 

 

model of decision making did the sisters of Holy Angels show was the fact regardless of they were risking their own lives to save the victims they don’t mind it, what they were thinking was the safety of the victims and relying their own safety and their lives to God. Their fate to God saves them all on that tragedy.

 

2.     What part do you think intuition and creativity played in each of the Sisters’ stories?  Explain how.

 

Beth fitzpatrick  because he sisters experience the suffering of who there here no cars,no telephones and no signal but not is the reason to give up ! this tremendously hindered the sister's abilty perform the services they normally would .